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Sunday, June 23, 2013

Quality of Education in Bhutan


The deployment of teachers to schools based on their specialisation (majors) has been identified as a priority since the first Annual Education Conference in 1997. However, this agenda remains unaddressed until now. 

I wrote this article on April 17, 2008, prompted by my assignment to a Community Primary School where I was compelled to practice multi-grade (two grades in the same class) teaching. This was despite being a Secondary Science teacher with a specialization in Physics and no formal training in multi-grade teaching. 

I submitted this write-up to the RABSEL, the CERD educational Journal, but my efforts were in vain. A person in charge responded: "We cannot compromise the quality of education by one person."

I clarify that this opinion piece is not intended to undermine the quality of education in Bhutan. It reflects my perspective, devoid of any derogatory intent. 



Introduction 
        This is a personal account that I felt worth sharing, experiencing incredible pedagogical repercussions after multi-grade teaching (MGT) cropped up during my first year of teaching. While this narration does not relate to any research paradigm, it is neither a report nor a commentary. It attends on its own approach and thus befalls without intersections, to be personal fora of reminiscences. This conviction ferments and dawdles in me, like the most celebrated educationist Nietzsche, asserted: The value of things sometimes lies not in what one attains with it but in what one pays for it - what it costs us.

        Currently, I am a teacher and I do not accredit teaching as a cost factor. As mentioned earlier, I refer to MGT which contorted me assigning a new vista in teaching. I screamed about getting deployed in a community primary school, further. The fact that I was subjected to the training of a formal classroom teacher was underrated incredibly when I was forcibly changed to an MGT teacher during the time of deployment. Other than attending one session on MGT back in the college as one form of teaching, I have no idea on how to initiate MGT practically in the real classroom.  
        Consequently, I was gobbled up with anxiety, resulting in a reduced capillary of my enthusiasm. Like a dogmatic conviction, letting a square peg fit on a round hole, it pronounced in me. In 3 years of intensive Bachelor's Degree in Education (B.Ed), with its systematic classification of disciplines, I was trained as a Secondary B.Ed - specialising in Physics and Health & Physical Education. Secondary B.Ed programs focus exclusively on secondary education courses, without covering the primary curriculum, that focus on managing pre-primary classes. After all, when secondary B.Eds are placed in community primary schools like mine, “the right person to the right place sounds cliché.
        According to the current statistics, there is less number of national physics teachers, particularly in middle and higher secondary schools. This situation has forced the Ministry of Education to recruit expatriates to fill in the gap. Because trained national teachers are deployed only in remote community/primary schools, its growth today manifests to be facile. I uncovered this superstitious myth when the storm of the deployment broke the twigs of my stand against a physics teacher. In addition, when I had to load multi-learning areas (which I have not specialized in) in the school, it spoke of my proficiency and educational implications in low calibration.
        I read in the newspaper that highlights the gap between expectation and reality in meeting school demands. For example, the government has invested heavily in multi-grade teaching to meet community and primary school needs. However, most of the trained professionals are either from the people working in the Ministry or Curriculum Department that are not being placed where the trained skills are most needed. Instead, teachers are trained for a day or two and sent back to schools, leaving schools in need dependent on inexperienced teachers. 
        This personal narrative may resonate with numerous reports as a reflection on the commonplace challenges due to this phenomenon. However, the overarching aim of the article is to inform both present and prospective teacher trainees, urging them to prepare themselves with the experiences shared for present and future educational contexts. For relevant stakeholders, this serves to call an action to relook and address the most neglected educational drawbacks for the benefit of the broader national interest. 
            The Quality of Education has been the predominant concern in Bhutan. While some dispute the notion of a decline in quality, such claims often lack substantial research evidence, though some align with this perspective. From my perspective, not many seem to remain watchful and conscious when associating the term Quality with Education. Instead for whatever reasons, teachers are largely criticised for perceived shortcomings, demoralising them despite their sincere efforts. 
           I do not share the scepticism that teachers should remain the core reason for this concern, as many have disputed. In fact, teachers are true artists who paint and manufacture thousands of future nation builders. Like a perfect economist, they study the value of one child, keeping vigilant about the cost of the nation’s future. Much like a construction expert, teachers integrate skills and resources to create a new well-functioning whole or refurbish a structure that is flawed or broken.
        Educationists compare students to a lump of clay in the hands of a teacher. It is the teacher's skills, personal influence, character, and dynamism that shape them into conscious beings capable of contributing their best to humanity. That is, while books may teach a child, a teacher educates them.

Purpose of Education in Bhutan 
        Aware of the value of education as integral to the success of development and to unlock the potential of its people, the Royal Government of Bhutan has always attached a high priority and deep commitment to expanding equitable access to schools, improving quality and strengthening the efficient use of educational resources in pursuit of the goal of education for all (MDGoals: Progress Report 2002, 2003:16). A productive discussion of the purpose of education must acknowledge that schools are established to serve both individuals and the larger society. As such education must meet the needs of (a changing) society and educate children in all their diversity for the responsibilities of adulthood in a democratic society (NIE Paro and Samtse, 2005: 7).
        Further, ‘education can and should influence the kind of society we want to develop. Qualities such as morals, values, knowledge of rights, citizenship, tolerance, respect and even happiness have been identified as important objectives of education (p.7). Dorji (2005:130) sees that ‘the purpose of education is to help children be knowledgeable, productive and loyal, duty-bound, confident, contented and happy. ‘Education must be guided by a holistic concept based upon the total development of the child and the need that the innate potential of each and every child is fully realized (Bhutan 2020:53).
        Realizing that, ‘basic education is an indispensable passport to life that will enable people to choose what they do, to share in building the collective future and continue to learn (Delors, 1998:118) as cited by Thinley (1999:4), the Royal Government has established the foundation of education based on western modern schooling. ‘It is certain that the western model of school made its beginning with the first school in Ha as early as 1914 (Dorji, 2005:10) under the leadership of Sir Ugyen Wangchuk, the first hereditary monarch of Bhutan. ‘Education in Bhutan had traditionally emphasized knowing and particularly on acquiring of itemized or codified information, organized around the traditional subject areas (Thinley, 1999:1). Another fundamental purpose was to familiarize people with basic skills in literacy and numeracy.
        Later, the establishment of learning centres was largely felt and innumerable learning sprung up in the nook and corner of the country. Today, ‘the steady and increased growth of enrollment has also been largely the result of growing awareness of the value of education of schools. This includes the widespread introduction of community schools across the country which has reduced walking distances to schools considerably (Bhutan Millennium Goals Report 2002, 2003:17).
        Subsequently, a drastic rise in the number of schools in the country made the government realize and ‘ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary education (p.15). Quite fortunately, then and till now, ‘from the age of six, every Bhutanese child has a right to eleven years of free ‘basic education. This consists of one year of pre-primary school, six years of primary school and four years of secondary school, which will take the child up to class X (Black & Stalker, 2006:43). National targets indicate that attaining universal primary education may be achieved as early as 2000 (Bhutan Millennium Goals Report 2002, 2003:15). The gross primary enrollment is 102.1 percentage and the net primary school enrolment is 79.4 percentage (boys-80 % and 79% girls), (Black & Stalker, 2006:44). ‘The gross primary enrollment rate has grown from 55 % in 1991 to 72 in 2000 with enrollment growing at between 6-7% annually (Bhutan Millennium Goals Report 2002, 2003:15). 
        During the subsequent decades and especially during the 1980s, the government increased the number of schools offering education; by 2006 there were 349. It also did so in an innovative and flexible fashion so as to arrive at the most appropriate solution for reaching very scattered communities (Black & Stalker, 2006).  At this moment, a speech delivered in an address at the 7th SAARC summit, Dhaka on April 10-11th, 1993 by our fourth king Jigme Singye Wangchuk is worth noting:

‘Were it not for the large scale destruction of the schools, health centres and other social infrastructure by the terrorists in our southern districts Bhutan would have been in a position to achieve universal primary education …long before the year 2000 (Bhutan Times Ltd, 2007:138)’.
        Right now, Bhutan, as a member of the UNICEF, has realized a full advantage as their plan advocated the far-sighted vision of our fourth king. ‘One of the primary, UNICEF’s Medium-strategic plans for 2002-05 in line with the child convention, spells out that a long-term goal of the UNICEF is that “all children have access to and complete education of good quality (UNICEF, 2003:1).

Relating  Quality of Education 
        While not many seem to remain alert, cautious and watchful of the terminologies defined, there has been a huge hue and cry over the perceived decline in the quality of education in the country. Dakpa (2006:63) in his survey report states that ‘it is in fact, difficult for anyone to make generalizations on standards or quality, especially concerning education without first having the term ‘standard’ or ‘quality’ adequately defined and qualified. Without lucid comprehension and substantial knowledge of its application, he fears that ‘perhaps without a least suspicion that quality of education can be argued only within the limits of definitions and validation of the terms used in the argument (p.63). Beeby (1966:10) found it crucial to argue that, ‘nor, for that matter, were planners all agreed on what constitutes quality in education, and they certainly had no universally accepted method of measuring it’. This is true in our context where there is no precise definition of what constitutes quality or education, or both. 

        With the firm adherence to genuine research, educationists consequently concluded that there lie no fixed standards and indicators to evaluate quality. It is, therefore, considered unwise to apply quality to education without a proper apology. In this essence, he explicitly warns that ‘… an attempt to arrive at the definition of “quality” in education would probably do more harm than good. For that matter, one of its underlying themes is that the concept of good education varies, for all practical purposes, with the stage of development of the system and of the teachers who serve it (p.10). Karmel et al (1985) regard quality as a complex phenomenon and its definition are multidimensional (in Dorji, 2005:180).

        There are no simple ingredients that can be prescribed to enhance quality in all situations and in any country. Quality is therefore a relative term and depends upon the situation and time in which the education system occurs (Dorji, 2005:180). It’s obvious that quality of education connotes different things even amongst educators (Lhazom & Chhoeda, 2003:1-2). Yet, there is a total mistaken certainty in Bhutanese understanding of both ‘quality’ and ‘education’. On a large scale, the meaning is misconstrued and debated in vainglory without grounding its profound etymology and usage. The interpretation has been a variable that withered in itself the application without the discrepancy of its native significance. At its disposal, there is a huge degree of variation and the degree makes the difference.

In a similar essence, ‘education’ is conceived in both terms of process and product and largely varies in its substance. Education, in its lay Bhutanese connotation, explains a systematic and formal institutional setting designed to regulate a change in behaviour and report academic grading. While this would, in a pinch, spell the narrow concept of its relevance, in a profound justice, the meaning would be academically equivalent. Thus, it resides as a situational commodity witnessed with different understandings and is employed for varied purposes.  

Peters (1981) agrees that ‘nevertheless, there are usages of the term ‘education’ which it would be difficult to encompass in any piece of definition’. Therefore, the basic interpretation could be the acceptance of its profundity and tangibility. It is in a way, simply abstract and a dynamic entity. But he cautions that ‘this doesn’t mean, however, that there are no criteria of ‘education’ which are co-extensive with most of its central usages. It only means that terms in a natural language develop a life of their own and send out shoots which take them far away from the central trunk of the concept’.

As a result, there is still room for debate on the quality of education. However, Beeby (1966) proposes that the quality of education may be thought of at different levels, which is worth sharing.

 At the simplest level is the ‘Classroom Conception of quality’. In the classroom understanding of quality, it is ‘quality seen by an inspector of schools’ (p.10). Today, the inspector is replaced with supervisors, as it is ‘intended to convey an impression of professional leadership rather than authority (p.10). He emphasizes that classroom conception…obviously embraces such measurable skills as ability in the 3Rs, and the acquisition of a given range of facts about history, geography, hygiene and the like. Less measurable but equally acceptable are habits of industry, tidiness and accuracy and attitudes for authority and love for the country (p.10-11).

At such circumstances, particularly for the classroom conception of quality, ‘one index of a schools success in achieving some of this humble but necessary ends it the speed at which pupils pass through the grades and the number who achieve the final certificates, particularly if this is warded as the result of an external test (p.11).

The second phase of understanding quality takes outside the classroom. In the Market Place, ‘the quality of education is measured by its productivity (p.11). He explicitly perceives the fallacy of judgment on quality between an economist, a presiding judge in the market and the schoolmasters. Thus, he remains firm that economists…may show an interest in the relation between the ‘input’ and the ‘output’ of the school system as a measure of its immediate productivity and efficiency, but he contuse to hanker for a criterion more directly related to the economy (p.12). They are mostly questions of quantity, and because of his training and detachment, he feels no discomfort in discussing them in purely quantitative terms (p.19). For the educator, ‘experience has taught him that quality is of the very essence of most educational problems, and he will become increasingly unhappy in the new partnership unless questions of quality play a bigger part in discussions of educational planning..(p.19). Fortunately, there are signs that both sides are becoming aware that it is neither theoretically nor practically possible to separate quality and quantity in attacking the educational problems of emergent countries (p19). 

Beeby’s third phase of judging quality is ‘Broader Social Criteria’, which incorporates sets of values with the inevitable clashes of opinion. ‘At this level, everyone becomes an expert on education, and each of us judges the school system in terms of the final goals we set for ourselves, our children, our tribe, our country (p.12). This system of nomenclature is not standardized by Beeby but is the basis from which the quality of a good education is viewed.  ‘It would be easy to exaggerate the discrepancies that exist among judgments, at each of the three levels, of what constitutes a good education (p.13). Wide variations and prejudices are expected while defining the quality of education.

Quality Education in Bhutanese Context
Over the years, there has been increasing criticism about education and concern about the quality going down. Some of these are prompted by nostalgia while others relate to subjective definitions of quality (Lhazom & Chhoeda, 2003). Whether the criticisms are crafted after accepting the tangibility of these words is still mysterious. Beeby (1966), for practical purposes, regarded to argue with first studying the evolution of the system and the teachers who work within the system. Dorji (2005) relates to the ‘situation and time in which, the education system occurs (p.180).

However, ‘the quality education in the Bhutanese context is defined as the provision of wholesome education where the emphasis is placed not only on reading, writing and understanding but on the all-around development of all the individual (Lhazom & Chhoeda, 2003). On the whole, it means excellence in academics is important while acquiring technical and vocational skills is also necessary. Thus, ‘in our context…the attainment of wholesome education is an indication of quality (Dorji, 2005:180).

Linking with Beeby’s propositions to understand quality, our concept cannot quit befalling all levels. Within the classroom conceptions, priority is on reading and writing, keeping in view the statistics of students who pass the grades as a result of the external examination. Our schools work within the framework of strict syllabus implementation and much of the product is viewed on how many children get through the examinations. Sometimes, this reveals that ‘one standard measure of quality is the competencies attained by children against a given set of educational objectives set in the syllabus (Lhazom & Chhoeda, 2003:2). In the marketplace, the bigger ratio of student graduates from the colleges and institutes for employment promotes economic productivity.
Our education system is based on wholesome education, where the emphasis is laid on a holistic approach incorporating the values and skills, easily fulfils the Broader Social Criteria. ‘As they leave school, our young adults should possess adequate knowledge of science and technology, of culture and faith, of values and traditions and of ethics and good living. Apart from these, we expect our young adults to have adequate skills to be able to deal with the day-to-day challenges at their workplaces, to be gainfully employed and to think critically and morally for the benefit of self and society. We then might say that these constitute the quality of education in Bhutan (Dorji, 2005:180-1).

Five Strategies in assuring Quality Education
The Eighth Annual Education Conference (2004) held at Khuruthang, Punakha has discussed the five strategies/ pillars to build quality education:
i.   Quality infrastructure and facilities
ii.  Quality curriculum
iii.  More instructional time
iv.  Enhancing wholesome education
v.   Quality teachers

1. Quality Infrastructure and Facilities
The essence of a good school is characterized by the provision of quality infrastructure and facilities for conducive learning. Only with the provision of quality infrastructure, one may argue for a sound delivery of the pedagogical instructions. Otherwise, the belief of ensuring quality education would be bleak and faltering, for the teachers won’t be equipped with the basic necessities. Wangchuk (2008) writes, ‘once they are in the profession, teachers must be provided with the right kind of professional tools and resources to get the job done. That is to say that, if there are better working conditions for the teachers, there will be better learning conditions for the learners. And that will make all the difference’.

The assurance on prioritization of quality infrastructure is definitely a connotation for ensuring the ‘enabling conditions’ for the teachers at their disposal for the sound delivery of quality education. Getting equipped with the modern amenities will enshrine ‘pedagogy of enquiry’ so that teachers will not discover ‘knowledge as a commodity, which is transferable (NIE Paro & Samtse, 2005:11), but identify their presence in demonstrating children to discover the innate potentialities-the fibre of their genetic gift.

Only with the provision of appropriate and adequate teaching-learning accessories along with ICT facilities, one may find it quite favourable to contest their opinions related to quality. With these facilities in place, ‘the continuity of teacher’s own education will ensure a dynamic school education. When teachers stop developing their knowledge and skills, they will stop developing their students’ (p.43).

2. Quality Curriculum
Parkey and Standford (1998) defines curriculum as the experience, both planned and unplanned, that enhance (and sometimes impedes) the education and growth of students (as cited by Sherpa, 2007:6). In the mind of Grundy (1994), it is a ‘social construction and that it is determined at particular historical times in particular locations, within a particular society or even a particular school, according to what is judged to be the most appropriate subject matter, learning environment and ways of learning (as cited in Yeshey, (2007:21).

Morris (1995) understand curriculum as a plan of activities that are carried out in a school to promote the intellectual, social, physical and personal development of the learners (in Dorji, 2005:41). While Dorji (2005) agrees that at the classroom level the plan promises to fulfil the experiences, to acquire some level of knowledge and skills enable them to serve their family the community and the nation in the future’ (p.41). He conceives that ‘at the broader level it must also reflect the national goals of economic development, social change, cultural and spiritual values and above all the political philosophy of the country’ (p.41). The curriculum is the blueprint of all learning experiences that take place for the students in the school (CAPSD, 1996:6).

There isn’t any precise and concise definition that can exactly encompass the meaning of the curriculum. Therefore, ‘Quality curriculum’ is yet another taxing and daunting connotation. Because ‘curriculum policies vary from country to country and are generally determined by the social and political beliefs’ (Dorji 2005:44) a successful curriculum is never always definable at all times. It is subject to review from time to time so that it remains sensitive to the relative and immediate needs of the present times.

‘In Bhutan the 1976 paper on education, though very brief, was perhaps the first curriculum policy that promised to maintain a close link with the culture and tradition of the country while expecting the challenges posed by the growing technological development in the world at large (Dorji, 2003:44).  As a result, ‘the Division of Education is responsible to provide a Nation Wide System of School Education which is:
·         responsive to the expectations of the country;
·         relevant to the needs and aspirations of the students;
·         efficient in the use of available resources and;
·   effective in the achievement of high quality and sustainable educational programmes.
     (The Purpose of Education in Bhutan, 1996:3).

 3. More Instructional Time
To accommodate a minimum of 180 days of instructional time, school starts on February 20th instead of March 10th. This has been instituted since 2005 (Ministry of Education, 2006). The Eight Annual Conference has further discussed the number of terms, start and end date of the terms, and duration of the term break. They have made a resolution that only two terms be instituted in all schools starting the 2005 academic session, which is labelled as below:
First Term: 20th February – 30th June
Second Term: 1st July – 15th July
Third Term: 16th July – 18th December

The normal classroom teaching is started from the first day of the school term. The teachers report to school on the 10th of February every year, and the school ensure that the time fro9m the 10th to 19th February be used towards achieving greater preparedness for the start of the session. (Eight Annual Education Conference, 2004:11). Teachers spent most of their time in the schools right from 8:00 A.M in the morning to 5:00 in the evening to ensure adequate instructional time.

4. Enhancing Wholesome Education
Bhutanese education is typical in nature in that it stresses the wholesome approach to child development. While literacy and numeracy are deemed meaningful accessories of education, the holistic approach with the provision of vocational and technical skills useful for real-life situations are identified as exclusively indispensable.

Wholesome in its literal meaning pronounces a lot of influences that exhibit morally good implications. Its attachment to the world ‘education’ promotes a denser significance, as the education itself firmly speaks of bringing desirable changes acceptable in the society-a relative term for self-enlightenment.

Dorji (2003:130) shares that ‘the idea of wholesome education is to make students physically, emotionally, and ethically sound’. It is ‘an effort to develop children physically, morally and intellectually’ (p.132). At its general prospect, he relates to a method of ‘preparing children to be good. This means that, in educating, we make all efforts to help develop in children, all the qualities of goodness, such as gratefulness, appreciation, respect, cooperation, compassion, love, understanding, loyalty, dedication, honesty and truthfulness’ (p.131).

Making it more comprehensible and culminating wider meaning, he asserts to ‘a definite purpose, that is, to make the child literate, responsible, skilled, and mature and a productive citizen’ (p.134). It ‘involves helping and guiding children to learn as they grow and develop in body, speech and thought processes. It involves caring and protecting them from all kinds of abuse and self-destructions and being sensitive to their needs and feelings’ (p.138).

In any way, ‘the essence of wholesome education is therefore giving children enough opportunities to learn to grow in their knowledge, analytical skills, with positive attitudes, culturally sensitive, socially responsible and physically and morally sound citizens’ (p.159).

Bhutanese approach in understanding wholesome education is unique, as it is ‘also interpreted as inclusive, bringing together children with varying abilities to learn’ (p.133). The education system fosters a balanced opportunity for children of diverse abilities. Seven major learning areas have been widely accepted, with the aim of blending academic abilities with skills and attitudes. The major learning areas are:
1.    Languages:
               Dzongkha
·         Listening and speaking
·         Reading
·         Writing
·         Literature
               English
·         Listening and speaking
·         Reading
·         Writing
·         Literature
2.    Mathematics
·         Mathematics
3.    Science
·         Science
·         Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Computer Science
4.    Human society and its Environment:
·         Environmental Studies
·         Social Studies
·         History, Geography and Economics
5.    Creative and Practical Arts:
·         Visual Arts and Craft
·         Songs, dances and music
6.    Health, Physical Education and Personal development:
·         Health and Population Education
·         Games and Sports
7.    Socially Useful Productive Works (SUPW)
·         Agriculture and Social Forestry
·         Socially Useful Productive Works
(The Purpose of School Education in Bhutan. 1996, 6-7).

5. Quality Teachers
While all of the above strategies strongly accounts for assuring quality education, an analysis of the fifth strategy, ‘Quality teachers’ in a great deal would seriously uncover the wider meaning of this writing.

The PROPE team (1995:54) has a remark that ‘if any single factor can make the difference between a poor school and a successful school, it is the commitment and initiative of the teacher (as cited in Dorji, 2005:68). So, ‘whether there are adequate resources or well-written curricula, it is the teacher who ultimately matters for improving the entire system of education (Dorji, 2005:182). A teachers’ work will make the difference in the success or failure of an educational innovation… Teachers are morally, intellectually and emotionally an integral part of the process of teaching and learning (Dorji, 2000 as cited in Dorji, 2005:68).

Therefore, it is vividly reasonable to bring into the limelight the current trend of the teacher status in Bhutan. Even in a well-equipped school with quality infrastructure, standard curriculum, and adequate instructional time, if the quality teacher is not warmly recognized, would endure mediocre results. Hargreaves (1994:11) argues, ‘unless profound attention is paid to the processes of teachers development, improvement in buildings, textbooks, materials, technology…would result in little achievement (as cited in Dorji, 2005:70). Teachers are, therefore, crucial and critical agents in the sound delivery of quality education.

The quality of teachers according to Beeby (1966) depends strongly on two factors, ‘the level of general education of the teachers’, and ‘the number of training they have received, (as cited in Dorji, 2005:71). Dorji (2005), on the other hand, proclaims that ‘there are two other points that affect the teacher quality at their workplace. One is the condition under which they work including culture, leadership and management in the school. The other is the development opportunity that the teachers avail themselves of during their career (p. 71).

Being one of the pioneer Bhutanese educationists, he understands that, ‘in Bhutan, teacher quality also depends upon the conditions in which they work. It is in improving qualifications and the conditions for working that a teacher-centred policy has been initiated. One’s emotional capacity is also a determinant of the quality of a teacher (p. 86-7). Bhutanese teachers lack serious emotional vigour and most of the time, they are put under pressure. 
Perceived indicators of declining Quality of Education
1. Teacher shortage, subject recognition and the deployment
2.    Teaching environment
3.    Teacher-Parent relationship
4.    Acknowledgement and motivation
 1. Teacher shortage, subject recognition and the deployment
One of the major challenges the educations sector is faced with at the moment is the shortage of sufficient and competent teachers (NIE Paro and Samtse, 2005:3). This is in fact a global trend as, ‘many countries face a shortage of teachers, and more specifically of an adequately trained teacher’ (p.9).

In Bhutan, at present, 13.9% of the total teaching force is made up of expatriate teachers, consisting almost entirely of Indians (General Statistics, 2005: 21) besides, using apprentices and practising teachers from the two Colleges of Education to outstrip the huge gap of insufficiency.
‘…while the quality of the teachers is the single and most influential factor for students’ achievements, (NIE Paro and Samtse, 2005:9), it is crucial for the country to recruit and retain professionally qualified teachers. It means, while the qualification of the teacher is necessary, professionalism in pedagogy is also inevitably important.

Since, ‘the development of our children as adults with high moral standards and values, right attitudes, adequate analytical skills, and disciplined minds are in the hands of teachers (Dorji, 2005:81), it is much rewarding to employ the trained and qualified teachers. The current statistics have revealed that ‘most of the untrained teachers with academic qualifications are Indian nationals’ (General Statistics, 2005: 20).    
Consequently, ‘some of them are found academically and pedagogically incompetent in delivering the much-espoused quality education (Tenth Annual Education Conference 2007:9). 
On the other hand, the governments with the hopes to bring wider changes in education, their ideals are juxtaposed, while ‘many leave as and when opportunities are available at their own pace putting the school in a difficult predicament and disrupting the smooth functioning of the school’ (p.9). In such circumstances, muscular optimism and hopes of thousand of students are crucified and bankrupt, while none would explore this intervention rather than contesting their judgments on students’ fragile performances as a result of poor teaching.
The teacher deployment to the right place for what they had been trained to be, was viewed with paramount significance. However, the most disheartening fact is the lifeless panorama of an exquisite implementation. At times, the decentralization of the teacher deployment exposes a shift of authority only to outcast tempestuous disgruntles and discontentment. Policymakers seem to negotiate without paying enough heed to what they have put into black and white. The Ministry of Education has raised four points for assuring quality education, out of which two spelt out that,
i)     Secondary teachers must be posted in secondary schools and likewise B.Ed primary teachers posted in primary schools
ii)  Generally, the subject combination of teachers must be respected (EPGI, 2007. Annexure XXII).   
Quite recently, the deployment of teachers connoted a burden of taking additional time to dispose of the teacher graduates wherever necessary irrespective of their specializations. There are cases, where fresh graduates have to be a multi-grade teacher in sterile community schools without any formal pieces of training. ‘The use of multi-grade classrooms has helped to increase access to education but placing taxing loads on teachers and limits amounts of time and attention that teachers can spend with students (UNICEF, 2000:34). Because these teachers do not directly apply their related subject skills and knowledge in the classrooms, they remain confiscated from the deficiency of multi-grade teachings and skills.
There is neither a distinction between secondary and primary B.Ed nor as satisfactory acknowledgement on their subjects. Secondary B.Eds are placed in far-flung community schools, only to image idleness with their two subject specializations. A sensible recognition should surface to figure that these degrees of variations make the difference and these discrepancies are necessary. Otherwise, there is no reason in classifying themselves right from the induction course before they join the real teaching.
 2. Teaching Environment
Lhazom and Chhoeda (2003) states that ‘while infrastructures such as classrooms are the first requirement and the easiest to provide, subsequent demands on teachers, materials, training and support system are harder to provide (p.1). In most of the schools in our country, ‘overcrowding of classrooms, shortage of qualified national teachers and inadequate learning/teaching resources are some of the factors strongly affecting the quality of learning in primary education (Millennium Development Goals: Progress Report 2002, 2003:16).
Moreover, ‘the workload of the existing teachers in the schools are huge and we cannot expect the teachers to provide quality education when they have to grabble with issues that they cannot address like huge classes, huge teaching loads, numerous activity to carry out and concerted teaching they have to do (Tenth Annual Education Conference, 2007:8). In classrooms with a high student-teacher ratio and where undifferentiated group interaction is the norm, teachers may not detect individual learning needs (NIE Paro & Samtse, 2005:9).
The expertise and commitments of teachers... must be combined with good working conditions, supportive community and enabling policies to allow quality education to take place (p.45). All educators are aware of the complexity of teaching. It only makes sense that continued excellence in such a field requires continuous growth and refinement (Daniel & Abrutyn, 1997:37). It is only a person in the teaching profession, who is expected to lead the younger generation, and hence, he is expected to have a broad-based knowledge in addition to specialization in a particular field (Safaya, 1982). It is, therefore, necessary to provide avenues for teachers to continue their education. By now we know enough that the teacher is the most important factor that can make a difference in the success and failure of a school (Dorji, 2005:170).       
The recruitment of ‘…competent and committed teachers to help every student reach his or her potential, is a critical factor in the provision of quality education (NIE Paro and Samtse, 2005:45). Thus, the government should ‘continue to support schools in more remote and isolated districts utilizing both financial and human resources to improve conditions and the quality of education… (UNICEF, 2000:35). It also should ‘continue to promote and support teacher’s professional development, especially in rural areas, particularly in-service programs, distance education, and information exchange on new initiatives and topics of interest (p.35). Only with ‘…the combined force of good teachers, school conditions, management and leadership and adequate learning materials available are necessary for an enriched learning environment (Dorji, 2005:181). We need to identify and pay more attention to teachers who can and will use appropriate methods to help children learn and help improve those who think completing the syllabus is more important than anything else (Dorji, 2005:168).  
3. Teacher Parent relationship
Although, ‘educating children is a common responsibility of all adults and not the teachers alone (Dorji, 2005:149), at the moment a good parent-teacher relationship is lacking in our society (Choden, 2008).
Parents need to understand that sending children to the school itself is not enough. Monitoring their performance and checking on them on a timely basis is mandatory for every parent. Each one of us has to play our part equally in the education of our children (Choden, 2008). While ‘parents are the main stakeholders in their children’s education (Dorji, 2005:148), it is known that, ‘in a great many situations, the support or lack of support of parents is the key to the child’s success in the school (Richards & Earl, 1999:85). In their view, ‘the effectiveness of a school’ program is dependent upon the successful collaboration of principal, teacher and parents (p.90). ‘The more interaction there is between the school and the community, the stronger is the bond between the two (Ministry of Education, 2005:20).
Presently, the minimum parents’ participation maybe because, ‘there is a huge misconception among many parents that, once the child goes to school, it is the responsibility of the school and the teachers to take over charge of the child (Choden, 2008). There must be a healthy and trusting relationship between parents and teachers (Dorji, 2005:149).
Therefore, ‘it is very important for parents to attend the parent-teacher meetings in the school. It is an open forum where issues of mutual interest may be deliberated at length’ (Choden, 2008). Also important is the responsibility of parents to become involved in school activities to show their children that they are concerned about learning. Teachers need this parent support (Rickards & Earl, 1999:86).
‘Parents instil in their children the desire to learn by showing an interest in learning themselves. This, in turn, is transmitted to their children. When parents are indifferent toward school and learning, their children see no value in attending school. Such an attitude increases the difficulty of providing appropriate instruction for students, and also increases the likelihood of their failure (p.85-6). ‘By the close parent-teacher relationship, a child could be saved from falling into bad habits and company. Juvenile delinquency can be reduced and productivity enhanced. In the end, we would be producing a successful individual, a proud parent and a satisfied teacher (Choden, 2008). Besides, ‘they could encourage teachers to focus on children’s education and remove any possible conflict with the community by extending their full cooperation in physical development and maintenance of school properties (Dorji, 2005:149).
Consequently, ‘it’s advisable for parents to know her children’s every teacher and for the teacher to know the child’s details and background. This can be achieved only if parents and teachers share open communication and collegial relationship (Choden, 2008). While, ‘still remaining free, parents must now provide support by creating an enabling environment in a school where their children are enrolled. They need to participate in school activities by providing moral support to teachers and not join the cynics in lashing unwholesome criticism at them (Dorji, 2005:148-9). Involving …parents in the evaluation process will lessen the livelihood that misunderstanding will occur. As teachers, we are concerned with growth and student’s progress over time, such as during a grading period, semester or year; however, parents are typically more interested in the product than the process (Rickards & Earl 1999:87).
4. Acknowledgement and Motivation
 His Majesty the Fourth Druk Gyalpo in his message during the Silver Jubilee Celebration of Sherubtse College (1993) stated that,
The greatness of the country is determined by its people. The productiveness and character of the people is in turn determined by the quality of education they receive.

‘Schools have a vital role to play in moulding students intellectually, morally, socially and culturally. Those are the aspirations of our King, country and its people, which, we proudly refer to as Tsa-Wa-Sum (Ministry of Education, 2005:10). The ‘school education delivered with the intention of bringing out the treasures otherwise hidden in the individual, requires the greatest of efforts by our teachers (Dorji, 1999:42).   Teachers, therefore, become the most reliable sources from which to emanate the lights of vision (p.42).

To make the vision come true, much is expected and demanded of teachers. Much more efforts need to be made for improving the quality of teachers. Improving the quality of education requires recruitment, training, social status and working conditions (p.43). A child’s first teacher must be well trained and motivated so that it will help build a sound foundation on which all subsequent learning will be built (p.43).

As modernization opened many opportunities within the government and the private sector, teaching began to lose its lustre and began to be associated more with drudgery and as a profession for those who did not qualify for other vocations (Lhazom & Chhoeda, 2003:3). Today, ‘the pressure on our teachers has never been greater any other time and the challenge for them to deliver the goods never more difficult than now (Tenth Annual Education Conference, 2007: 8). Safaya (1982) understands that ‘the financial stringencies, the huge domestic responsibilities, the professional workload and the environmental factors disturb the mental health of the teacher.

Even in our context, ‘…there is a general feeling that the Royal Government needs to put adequate incentives into the system such that the best teacher is attracted and retained (Tenth Annual education Conference 2007:4). The ‘teaching allowance’ as a gift to the teachers in July 1998, from the fourth king Jigme Singye Wangchuck to ‘enhance the morale and motivation of working teachers’ and to bring ‘improvements in personnel administration as well as (other) incentives for excellence’ (Education Division, 1998 as in Dorji, 1999:43), has been completely washed away. Incentives are necessary for our teachers because the lack of such provisions is posing a negative impact on job satisfaction. Teacher “morale” (an emotional state which rises and falls according to circumstances-CERD, 2007:19) is low and the prospect of moving up the career ladder is bleak resulting in quite a few of them leaving for greener pastures outside of education. There are strong signals coming from the field and unless the Royal Government reads these signals and put in schemes, not only to help retain the existing teachers but also to attract new teachers, the children of Bhutan are going to face the prospects of poor delivery of education (Tenth Annual Education Conference, 2007:4-5).

It is, therefore, basically understood that ‘teachers were expected to make a lot of sacrifices but very few schemes were there to improve their lot (Lhazom & Chhoeda, 2003:3). So, ‘the Royal Government shall have to put in incentives to the teaching profession to retain the existing staff as well as attract new and competent teachers. Otherwise, it is a dejected teacher group with low morale that we are holding accountable for the delivery of quality education to our children (Tenth Annual Education Conference, 2007: 8).

There is an uneven discrepancy between national and non-national science teachers too. Nationals, though equally qualified and certified to teach, are deployed and retained in community and primary schools to labour the same job devoid of any scarcity allowances. The reason is microscopic in nature a one may interpret, but affords a superior impact on being overlooked. These sorts of taxonomy in the teaching profession paint a negative colour whether Bhutanese trained teachers are inferior to teach or the syllabi in the training colleges are futile.

Recommendations
To provide quality wholesome education to our students, a strong and effective education system is integral to individual success, social cohesion, progress and national prosperity. 

Prioritising Quality over Quantity
Our education system should identify that enhancing the quality of primary education is a crucial aspect that cannot be overlooked while looking for quantitative progress in enrollment. That is, a higher proportion of enrollment is not necessarily a designation for a better quality. Sometimes, it is necessary to relook at addressing non-enrollment as a challenge instead of focusing on enrollment as a sole indicator of success. With our education system committed to delivering quality wholesome education, education planners and practitioners must prioritise children who are not enrolled, those who repeat grades, or have dropped out. Considering these issues may have the potential to address the quality of education in our context. 

Planned School Upgrades
School upgrades should be carefully investigated and planned. Ad-hoc upgrades often result in schools operating without necessary teaching-learning materials and enough teachers. For example, most of our newly upgraded schools do not have science laboratories, adequate classrooms, textbooks, a library, and a playground. When curriculum revisions take place, textbooks and teaching materials are often delivered late, leaving teachers to rush through the syllabus and compromising the educational quality. 

Teacher Incentives and Scarcity Allowances
Identifying teaching as a complex and demanding profession, the incentives required for the service are discussed widely. Despite the clear necessity to reinstate these incentives, they are yet to be implemented. To address the challenge of recruiting national science teachers, scarcity allowance for Physics and Maths teachers should be considered regardless of nationality (Tenth Annual Education Conference, 2007). The current practice exists where national physics teachers are deployed in remote schools, depriving them of teaching specialised subjects and losing other opportunities (e.g., incentives). Consequently, national teachers despite their dedication and shouldering equal responsibilities often remain the most overlooked and de-motivated individuals.

Enhancing Teacher Deployment Practices 
Teacher graduates should be recognised and respected for the subject they are specialised in during the deployment. Instead, secondary teachers are placed in community/primary schools, engaging in different roles they are not trained for (e.g., multi-grade teaching). If the quality of education has to be considered, multi-grade programs in schools must be handled by trained and experienced teachers (Tenth Annual Education Conference, 2007). A teacher is better qualified to implement new ideas or practices when they are exposed to greater training. The current statistics of multi-grade teachers should be recorded and give them a platform to raise their skills. Ultimately, they are the ones who face the challenges of multi-grade teaching with limited resources in the schools.

There are mystic procedures in the decentralization of teacher deployment. There is no clear and due recognition of the subjects during the time of deployment, as being configured in the training colleges. Primary and secondary B.Eds, the term itself depicts the disparity of the training pursued, while their subject specialization pertains to huge variation. Thus, ‘…it would imply that B.Ed primary teachers are also to be placed at primary schools only and B.Ed secondary teachers in secondary schools (NIE Paro & Samtse, 2005;42).

A reasonable percentage of the teaching force in our country is made up of expatriate teachers. While many strive to perform well within the limits of the requisites, a few cases of uncertain leaving are still rampant. Some arrive to seek temporary employment before they avail of other lucrative businesses in their country, often leaving the school a complicated predicament. Deeming it less frequent and minute, in which we normally fail to execute exquisite attention and remedies does matter to have the share in delivering quality education.

With the contemporarily demanded teaching skills and pedagogic methodologies, the fresh graduates assumed to apply innovative initiatives is risked when their ideas are made vulnerable to criticism rather than motivation in the schools. In such circumstances, it is sensible that the leader of the schools is well-informed and made exposed to existing revolutions in the education system. Theoretical seminars on making them the breathing examples of the young and novice, a mentor to accept failures and the man of principles, a motivator thus up-gradation of their qualifications are crucial. Confining themselves with traditional kinds of educational settings coerces the vigorous beginners to metamorphose and drink the ‘new wine in the old bottle’. Much later, acclimatization to such nature engenders the lust and optimism of the young and this is where many get engulfed by complacency and tag along with the age-old tradition that the school has. 

The Bhutanese school curriculum is reviewed constantly so that it sensitizes the immediate needs and ladder up with the fast-changing world. Still, then a reasonable appreciation is required in ‘making the curriculum more relevant and interesting, including aspects of developing valuable life skills and improve the aptitude, motivation and qualification of teachers are necessary for upgrading the quality of education in primary schools and at higher levels (Millennium Development Goals: Progress Report 2002, 2003.).   

Conclusion 

As more has been learned about the educational problems of emergent countries, it has become increasingly obvious that quality and quantity in education are inextricably intertwined, and that the relationship is a complex one (Beeby, 1966:14-5). One cannot detach either while trying to spring the light of quality in education. And this entails almost the same to our education system.

In recent years, the rapid adoption of the western model of education has facilitated many of our people to face the new challenges posed due to advancements in science and technology. Today, putting education in the lead, we notice a swift expansion in enrollment quantitatively. Now, it has pronounced a predictable configuration where we observe that ‘…education is at the heart of both personal and community development; its mission is to enable each of us, without exception, to develop all our talents to the full and to realize our creative potential, including responsibility for our own lives and achievement of our potential aims (Delors, 1998:19 as cited in Thinley, 1999).

With the comprehensive inception of schooling in our country, ‘in more recent years there has been an increasing call for a more ‘wholesome’ education (Thinley, 1999). The succinct adoption of this approach, within our context, has enriched us to better appreciate the quality of education. We are also reminded that Bhutanese understanding of quality in education is absolutely based on wholesome education.

Every year, during the time of vacation, with the initiatives from the parent ministry, the responsible stakeholders assemble to brainstorm innovative processes to provide quality wholesome education. The provision of ‘the idea of wholesome education needs the collective efforts of a supportive community, leadership, dedicated teachers, and the necessary infrastructure (Dorji, 2005). The shared effort of parents, community and the stakeholders concerned, therefore, persistently remains as a calling rather than attempting to see it as a trade or a business to realize this particular vision.

At some instances, when none remains accountable, ‘perhaps the quality might suffer a little owing to the pressures and depression teachers have to undergo (Dorji, 2008:5). Because teachers’ single-handedly cannot lift the quality, they are currently at the same time, ascribed for the cause. As a direct instructional gatekeeper and the practical implementer of the curricula, they are liable to have their share in the deal but not on a total basis. In its ultimate sense, there is no possible reason to infer the same. Indeed, it is comprehensive that a blend of rationales integrates sturdily and reasonably.

And the recent cry over the drop in quality of education is because people are agreed with the unconfined echelon of expectations from the schools. ‘In practice, at the lowest level of judgment, people with very different backgrounds and purposes want many of the same things from the schools (Beeby,1966:13). One cannot merely predict and take for granted without firm evidence when pertaining to a dispute over such subject. No piece of study has attempted to indicate this degeneration so far and the current beliefs are there, hypothetical.

In Bhutan, one logical expression can be because; there is a varied comprehension of foreign interpretations. Many debates seem to have argued based on the subjective connotation. Through, study, reveals that our approach to accepting quality is embedded with wholesome education, where children are fed academically sound information; instils value education, provides cultural and co-curricular activities. It means, in our setting, even if the children fail to continue higher studies, as a result of which s/he is dropped out of the school, the relative use of the acquired vocational and technical skills at home would infer quality.

In summary, any sort of discussions that pertain to portray the nature of quality of education in Bhutan has adequate room to explore and is debatable otherwise. Many studies are demanded to diagnose the much-talked-about topic. It should not curl as a cause and in any way, should not depict as a failure. In a nation of the small population like ours, with assurance, it is affordable to say that the quality of education stands beautifully as an occult opportunity. It is an opportunity retained with cause and solutions defined but left without a trace of investigating with those solutions. Thus, in a nutshell, it is worth leaving the quote of Robert mallet which labels:

“It is not the impossibilities that we get despaired of, but the possibilities that we failed to realize”.

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